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-
- Network Working Group B. Manning (Rice University)
- INTERNET DRAFT R. Colella (NIST)
- May 7, 1993
-
-
- DNS NSAP Resource Records
-
-
-
- Status of This Memo
-
-
- This document is an Internet-Draft. Internet-Drafts are working
- documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), its Areas, and
- its Working Groups. Note that other groups may also distribute working
- documents as Internet-Drafts.
-
-
- Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months.
- Internet-Drafts may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other
- documents at any time. It is not appropriate to use Internet-Drafts as
- reference material or to cite them other than as a "working draft" or
- "work in progress."
-
-
- To learn the status of any Internet-Draft, please check the 1id-
- abstract.txt listing contained in the Internet-Drafts Shadow Directories
- on nic.ddn.mil, nnsc.nsf.net, nic.nordu.net, ftp.nisc.sri.com, or
- munnari.oz.au.
-
-
- It is intended that this document will be submitted to the IESG for
- consideration as a standards document. Distribution of this document is
- unlimited.
-
-
- Abstract
-
-
-
- The Internet is moving towards the deployment of an OSI lower layers
- infrastructure. This infrastructure comprises the connectionless network
- protocol (CLNP) and supporting routing protocols. Also required as part
- of this infrastructure is support in the Domain Name System (DNS) for
- mapping between names and NSAP addresses.
-
-
- This document defines the format of two new Resource Records (RRs) for
- the DNS, building upon earlier work in RFC 1348. This format may be used
- with any NSAP address format.
-
-
-
-
-
-
- Expiration Date November 7, 1993 [Page 1]
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- INTERNET-DRAFT DNS NSAP Resource Records May 7, 1993
-
-
- 1 Introduction
-
-
- The Internet is moving towards the deployment of an OSI lower layers
- infrastructure. This infrastructure comprises the connectionless network
- protocol (CLNP) [ISO86b] and supporting routing protocols. Also required
- as part of this infrastructure is support in the Domain Name System
- (DNS) [Moc87a , Moc87b] for mapping between DNS names and OSI Network
- Service Access Point (NSAP) addresses [ISO88] [Note: NSAP and NSAP
- address are used interchangeably throughout this memo].
-
-
- This document defines the format of two new Resource Records (RRs) for
- the DNS, building upon earlier work in RFC 1348. This format may be used
- with any NSAP address format.
-
-
- This memo assumes that the reader is familiar with the DNS. Some
- familiarity with NSAPs is useful; see [CGC91] or [ISO88] for additional
- information.
-
-
- 2 Background
-
-
- The reason for defining DNS mappings for NSAPs is to support CLNP
- in the Internet. Debugging with CLNP ping and traceroute is becoming
- more difficult with only numeric NSAPs as the scale of deployment
- increases. Current debugging is supported by maintaining and exchanging
- a configuration file with name/NSAP mappings similar in function to
- hosts.txt. This suffers from the lack of a central coordinator for this
- file and also from the perspective of scaling. The former is the most
- serious short-term problem. Scaling of a hosts.txt-like solution has
- well-known long-term scaling difficiencies.
-
-
- A second reason for this work is the proposal to use CLNP as a re-
- placement for IP: "TCP and UDP with Bigger Addresses (TUBA), A Simple
- Proposal for Internet Addressing and Routing" [Cal92]. Should this pro-
- posal be selected, the DNS must be capable of supporting CLNP addresses.
-
-
- 3 Scope
-
-
- The RRs defined in this paper support all known NSAP formats. This
- includes support for the notion of a custom-defined NSAP format based on
- an AFI obtained by the IAB for use in the Internet.
-
-
-
-
-
-
- B. Manning/R. Colella [Page 2]
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- INTERNET-DRAFT DNS NSAP Resource Records May 7, 1993
-
-
- As a point of reference, there is a distinction between registration
- and publication of addresses. For IP addresses, the IANA is the root
- registration authority and the DNS a publication method. For NSAPs,
- addendum two of the network service definition, ISO8348/Ad2 [ISO88],
- is the root registration authority and this memo defines how the DNS
- is used as a publication method.
-
-
- 4 Structure of NSAPs
-
-
- NSAPs are hierarchically structured to allow distributed administration
- and efficient routing. Distributed administration permits subdelegated
- addressing authorities to, as allowed by the delegator, further
- structure the portion of the NSAP space under their delegated control.
- Accommodation of this distributed authority requires flexibility in the
- DNS inverse mapping of NSAPs to names, allowing sub-authorities to
- represent the substructure they define, if any, in the DNS as well as
- the NSAP values themselves.
-
-
- While all NSAP structures currently known to be in use in the Internet
- have fixed field sizes (e.g., [CGC91, Bry92]), some NSAP formats defined
- in ISO8348/Ad2 define one of the fields as variable-sized. These formats
- are still parsable, since the total NSAP length is known and there is,
- at most, one variable-sized field. These formats are accommodated in this
- document, even though there is no current requirement.
-
-
- For the purposes of this memo, NSAPs can be thought of as a tree of
- identifiers. The root of the tree is defined in ISO8348/Ad2 [ISO88],
- and has as its immediately registered subordinates the one-octet
- Authority and Format Identifiers (AFIs) defined there. The size of
- subsequently-defined fields depends on which branch of the tree is
- taken. The depth of the tree varies according to the authority
- responsible for defining subsequent fields.
-
-
- An example is the authority under which US GOSIP defines NSAPs [GOSIP].
- Under the AFI of 47, NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technol-
- ogy) obtained a value of 0005 (the AFI of 47 defines the next field as
- being two octets consisting of four BCD digits from the International
- Code Designator space [ISO84]). NIST defined the subsequent fields in
- [GOSIP], as shown in Figure 1. The field immediately following 0005 is
- a format identifier for the rest of the US GOSIP NSAP structure, with
- a hex value of 80. Following this is the three-octet field, values for
-
-
-
-
-
-
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- B. Manning/R. Colella [Page 3]
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- INTERNET-DRAFT DNS NSAP Resource Records May 7, 1993
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- which are allocated to network operators; the registration authority for
- this field is delegated to GSA (General Services Administration).
-
- _______________
- |_<--_IDP_-->__|______________________________________
- |_AFI_|__IDI___|____________<--_DSP_-->______________|
- |_47__|_0005__|_DFI_|_AA_|Rsvd_|_RD_|Area_|_ID_|Sel__|
- octets |__1__|___2____|_1__|_3__|__2___|2__|__2___|6__|__1__|
-
-
- IDP Initial Domain Part
- AFI Authority and Format Identifier
- IDI Initial Domain Identifier
- DSP Domain Specific Part
- DFI DSP Format Identifier
- AA Administrative Authority
- Rsvd Reserved
- RD Routing Domain Identifier
- Area Area Identifier
- ID System Identifier
- SEL NSAP Selector
-
-
- Figure 1: GOSIP Version 2 NSAP structure.
-
-
- The last octet of the NSAP is the NSelector (NSel). In practice, the
- NSAP minus the NSel identifies the CLNP protocol machine on a given
- system, and the NSel identifies the CLNP user. Since there can be more
- than one CLNP user (meaning multiple NSel values for a given "base"
- NSAP), the representation of the NSAP should be CLNP-user independent.
- To achieve this, an NSel value of zero will be used with all NSAP values
- stored in the DNS. An NSAP with NSel=0 identifies the network layer
- itself. It is left to the application retrieving the NSAP to determine
- the appropriate value to use in that instance of communication.
-
-
- In the event that CLNP is used to support TCP and UDP services, the
- NSel value used will be the appropriate IP PROTO value as registered
- with the IANA. For "standard" OSI, the selection of NSel values is left
- as a matter of local administration. Administrators of systems that
- support the OSI transport protocol [ISO86a] in addition to TCP/UDP
- will select NSels for use by OSI Transport that do not conflict with
- the IP PROTO
- values.
-
-
- In Master Files and in the printed text in this memo, NSAPs are
- represented as a string of "."-separated hex values. The values
- correspond to convenient divisions of the NSAP to make it more readable.
- For example, the "."-separated fields might correspond to the NSAP
- fields as defined by the appropriate authority (ISoc, GOSIP, ANSI,
- etc.). The use of this notation is strictly for readability. The "."s do
-
-
-
- B. Manning/R. Colella [Page 4]
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- INTERNET-DRAFT DNS NSAP Resource Records May 7, 1993
-
- not appear in DNS packets. For example, a printable representation of
- the first four fields of a US GOSIP NSAP might look like
-
-
- 47.0005.80.005a00
-
-
- and a full US GOSIP NSAP might appear as
-
-
- 47.0005.80.005a00.0000.1000.0020.00800a123456.00.
-
-
- For more information on US GOSIP NSAPs, see RFC1237 [CGC91]. Other NSAP
- formats have different fields and field widths (see [Bry92]).
-
-
- 5 The NSAP RR
-
-
- The NSAP RR is defined with mnemonic "NSAP" and TYPE code 22 (decimal).
- Name-to-NSAP mapping in the DNS using the NSAP RR operates analogously
- to IP address lookup. A query is generated by the resolver requesting an
- NSAP RR for a provided DNS name.
-
-
- NSAP RRs conform to the top level RR format and semantics as defined in
- Section 3.2.1 of RFC 1035.
-
-
- 1 1 1 1 1 1
- 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5
- +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
- | |
- / /
- / NAME /
- | |
- +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
- | TYPE = NSAP |
- +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
- | CLASS = IN |
- +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
- | TTL |
- | |
- +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
- | RDLENGTH |
- +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--|
- / RDATA /
- / /
- +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
-
-
-
-
-
- B. Manning/R. Colella [Page 5]
-
- INTERNET-DRAFT DNS NSAP Resource Records May 7, 1993
-
-
- where:
-
-
- * NAME: an owner name, i.e., the name of the node to which this
- resource record pertains.
-
-
- * TYPE: two octets containing the NSAP RR TYPE code of 22 (decimal).
-
-
- * CLASS: two octets containing the RR IN CLASS code of 1.
-
-
- * TTL: a 32 bit signed integer that specifies the time interval
- that the resource record may be cached before the source of the
- information should again be consulted. Zero values are interpreted
- to mean that the RR can only be used for the transaction in
- progress, and should not be cached. For example, SOA records are
- always distributed with a zero TTL to prohibit caching. Zero values
- can also be used for extremely volatile data.
-
-
- * RDLENGTH: an unsigned 16 bit integer that specifies the length in
- octets of the RDATA field.
-
-
- * RDATA: a variable length string of octets containing the NSAP.
- The value is the binary encoding of the NSAP as it would appear in
- the CLNP source or destination address field. A typical example of
- such an NSAP (in hex) is shown below. For this NSAP, RDLENGTH is
- 20 (decimal); "."s have been omitted to emphasize that they don't
- appear in the DNS packets.
-
-
-
- 39840f80005a0000000001e13708002010726e00
-
-
-
- NSAP RRs cause no additional section processing.
-
-
- 6 The NSAP-PTR RR
-
-
- [Editors' note: the inverse mapping function is for further study. The
- current thinking is that NSAP structure information is stored with NSAP
- prefixes in Master Files and returned with queries on NSAP prefixes.
- Exactly how this works needs to be given more thought.]
-
-
-
-
-
- B. Manning/R. Colella [Page 6]
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-
- 7 Master File Format
-
-
- The format of NSAP RRs in Master Files conforms to Section 5, "Master
- Files," of RFC 1035. Below is an example of the use of NSAP RR in a
- Master File.
-
-
- [Note: the format of NSAP-PTR RRs in Master Files is for further study.]
-
-
-
- ;;;;;;
- ;;;;;; Master File for domain tuba.ncsl.nist.gov.
- ;;;;;;
-
-
- @ IN SOA emu.ncsl.nist.gov. root.emu.ncsl.nist.gov. (
- 900831 ; Serial - date
- 1800 ; Refresh - 30 minutes
- 300 ; Retry - 5 minutes
- 604800 ; Expire - 7 days
- 3600 ) ; Minimum - 1 hour
- IN NS emu.ncsl.nist.gov.
- ;
- ;
- $ORIGIN tuba.ncsl.nist.gov.
- ;
- emu IN NSAP 47.0005.80.005a00.0000.0001.e137.08002010726e.00
- IN A 129.6.55.32
- IN HINFO Sun_Sparc SunOS_4.1.3
- ;
- osi IN NSAP 47.0005.80.005a00.0000.0001.e137.080020079efc.00
- IN A 129.6.55.1
- ;
- cursive IN NSAP 47.0005.80.005a00.0000.0001.e137.eeeeee000085.00
- IN A 129.6.224.85
- IN HINFO PC_386 DOS_5.0/NCSA_Telnet(TUBA)
- ;
- cisco1 IN NSAP 47.0005.80.005a00.0000.0001.e137.888888000181.00
- IN A 129.6.224.181
- ;
- 3com1 IN NSAP 47.0005.80.005a00.0000.0001.e137.111111000111.00
- IN A 129.6.225.111
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
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- B. Manning/R. Colella [Page 7]
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-
- 8 Resolving NSAP-PTR Queries
-
-
- [Editors' note: this section is still very drafty. It's predicated on
- the idea of embedding the NSAP structure information in the Master Files
- with the RRs for NSAP prefixes.]
-
-
- The NSAP-PTR RR is defined with mnemonic "NSAP-PTR" and TYPE code
- 23 (decimal). It's function is analogous to the PTR record used for
- IP addresses [Moc87b], although the details of how it operates are
- different.
-
-
- NSAP-to-name mapping using the NSAP-PTR RR differs from the inverse
- lookup for IP addresses due to the structure of NSAPs and the require-
- ments this places on the lookup process.
-
-
- The NSAP-to-name scheme operates with minimal a priori knowledge of how
- NSAPs are structured and operates according to a simple algorithm. Given
- an NSAP to be resolved, the only a priori information needed is that the
- first field of all NSAPs is one octet. The basic algorithm operates as
- follows:
-
- 1. build an initial query to read the record associated with the first
- octet.
-
- 2. knowledge of the NSAP structure is not complete, so set (COMPL-KNOW
- = FALSE).
-
- 3. send the query.
-
- 4. when the response is returned, if (COMPL-KNOW == TRUE), done.
-
- 5. construct a more detailed query with the additional structure
- information from the response.
-
- 6. if the structure information returned in step 4 ends with a ".",
- then set (COMPL-KNOW = TRUE).
-
- 7. go to step 3.
-
-
- The a priori knowledge required is that all NSAPs begin with an initial
- one-octet field, the AFI (Authority and Format Identifier, see [ISO88]);
- this is captured in step 1.
-
-
- Steps 3 through 7 represent a simple learning algorithm in which the
- resolver issues queries that are increasingly detailed until the result
- is obtained.
-
- B. Manning/R. Colella [Page 8]
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- INTERNET-DRAFT DNS NSAP Resource Records May 7, 1993
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-
- Successful termination, step 4, occurs if the last query sent was based
- on complete NSAP structure information, as determined by the trailing
- ".".
-
-
- 9 Security
-
-
- Security issues are not addressed in this memo.
-
-
- 10 Authors' Addresses
-
-
- Bill Manning
- Rice University -- ONCS
- P.O. Box 1892
- 6100 South Main
- Houston, Texas 77251-1892
- USA
-
-
- Phone: +1.713.285.5415
- EMail: bmanning@rice.edu
- Richard Colella
- National Institute of Standards and Technology
- Technology/B217
- Gaithersburg, MD 20899
- USA
-
-
- Phone: +1 301-975-3627 (voice); +1 301 590-0932 (fax)
- EMail: colella@nist.gov
-
-
- A. Issues
-
-
- A number of issues remain to be addressed.
-
-
- A.1 Relationship to X.500
-
-
- It may be useful to associate an X.500 distinguished name with an NSAP.
- Some thought should be given to whether this is useful and how it could
- be done.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- B. Manning/R. Colella [Page 9]
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- INTERNET-DRAFT DNS NSAP Resource Records May 7, 1993
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- A.2 NSAP prefixes
-
-
- Should NSAP prefixes be encoded in the DNS? This may have some useful
- features.
-
-
-
- References
-
- [Bry92] P. Bryant. NSAPs. IPTAG/92/23 PB660, Science and Engineering
- Research Council, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, May 1992.
-
-
- [Cal92] R. Callon. TCP and UDP with Bigger Addresses (TUBA), a Simple
- Proposal for Internet Addressing and Routing. RFC 1347, Network
- Working Group, June 1992.
-
-
- [CGC91] R. Colella, E. Gardner, and R. Callon. Guidelines for OSI
- NSAP Allocation in the Internet. RFC 1237, IETF OSI NSAP
- Administration Working Group, July 1991.
-
-
- [GOSIP] GOSIP Advanced Requirements Group. Government Open Systems
- Interconnection Profile (GOSIP) Version 2 [final text]. Fed-
- eral Information Processing Standard, U.S. Department of
- Commerce, National Institute of Standards and Technology,
- Gaithersburg, MD, (Pending Publication).
-
-
- [ISO84] ISO/IEC. Data Interchange - Structures for the Identification
- of Organization. International Standard 6523, ISO/IEC JTC 1,
- Switzerland, 1984.
-
-
- [ISO86a] ISO/IEC. Connection Oriented Transport Protocol Specification.
- International Standard 8073, ISO/IEC JTC 1, Switzerland, 1986.
-
-
- [ISO86b] ISO/IEC. Protocol for Providing the Connectionless-mode
- Network Service. International Standard 8473, ISO/IEC JTC 1,
- Switzerland, 1986.
-
-
- [ISO88] ISO/IEC. Information Processing Systems -- Data Communications
- -- Network Service Definition Addendum 2: Network Layer
- Addressing. International Standard 8348/Addendum 2, ISO/IEC
- JTC 1, Switzerland, 1988.
-
-
-
-
-
- B. Manning/R. Colella [Page 10]
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- INTERNET-DRAFT DNS NSAP Resource Records May 7, 1993
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-
- [Moc87a] P. Mockapetris. Domain Name -- Concepts and Facilities. RFC
- 1034, Network Working Group, November 1987.
-
-
- [Moc87b] P. Mockapetris. Domain name -- Implementation and Specifica-
- tion. RFC 1035, Network Working Group, November 1987.
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- Expiration Date November 7, 1993 [Page 11]
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